Systems Thinking
Systems Thinking calls on us to avoid local optimisation (or even failed optimisation) by analysing the system we are trying to change as a whole. Unless we understand the wider system we may treat correlation as causation giving us entirely unexpected results when we try to change things.
This direct correlation may not be causal. When we change the input we see either no change in our output or, worse, a change in the wrong direction. By analysing the whole system we better understand the real causal links and change causal inputs rather than correlated inputs.